3.7. Analytics

Content

3.7.1. Аbout a system approach for solution of THE problem on ash and slag from TPPs
3.7.2. Challenges, opportunities and ways of solving the problem on ashes and slags from TPPs in Russia
3.7.3. Improvement of the legislation of the russian federation in the field of production and consumption waste handling
3.7.4. Coal Ash in Europe – legal and technical requirements for use
3.7.5. The Changing CCP Regulatory Environment in the United States
3.7.6. Challenges, Opportunities and ways of solving the problem on ashes from TPP’s in India: A successful mission mode approach
3.7.7. Influence of legislation on utilization of ash from power generating stations – Indian experience
3.7.8. Utilization of coal combastion by-products in Poland
3.7.9. FBC ash – production and utilization
3.7.10. Impact of new coal combustion technologies on types and character of ash and slag
3.7.11. Formation of competitive advantages of power enterprises by example of using ash and slag from Omsk CHPPs in the market of mineral raw materials and other natural resources
3.7.12. The experience of dealing with the problem of thermal power plant ash-and-slag utilization in Siberia
3.7.13. Forming of tpps’ ash-and-slag management system in Siberia
3.7.14. Experience of Kashirskaya gres in ash and slag utilization
3.7.15. Specific operational expenses for handling ash and slag from thermal power plants by example of Kashirskaya SDPP
3.7.16. Impact of political decisions on production and quality of CCPs in Europe
3.7.17. New in the state policy of the RF in the field of production and consumption waste handling
3.7.18. Resolution of complex issues of fly ash utilization: successful case study of India
3.7.19. A role and a place of scientific and educational institutions in solution of coal ash handling problems in Russia
3.7.20. Forming a system of management of by-products from coal-fired thermal power plants
3.7.21. Use of Calcareous Fly Ash in Germany
3.7.22. European Product Standard - update on status and changes with relevance to CCPs
3.7.23. FGD Gypsum: a by-product in line with a resource efficient Europe
3.7.24. Legislative regulation in the field of solid waste management
3.7.25. State regulation measures to encourage increase in coal ash utilization in Poland and European trends in coal ash utilization
3.7.26. Analysis of legislation in the field of coal ash handling in India
3.7.27. Forecast in power production and impact of CCPs in Europe
3.7.28. Fly Ash Utilization in China
3.7.29. The ash and slag waste market of Russia through the eyes of trader. Phoenix consortium
3.7.30. Creating the industry of processing and use of coal combustion by-products
3.7.31. Key issues of coal ash handling in Russia
3.7.32. Marketing of CCPs in Germany - Experience -Report of a German Company
3.7.33. Major barriers to effective solution of the coal ash handling problem
3.7.34. On the experience of resolving the coal ash handling problem in different countries world-wide (as of 2014)

3.7. Analytics

Раздел третий. ОБРАЩЕНИЕ С ЗОЛОШЛАКАМИ

3.7. Аналитические материалы

3.7.1. О необходимости системного подхода для эффективного решения проблемы золошлаков ТЭС

Путилов В.Я., Путилова И.В., МЭИ

Рассмотрены основные вопросы по организации системного подхода для эффективного решения проблемы золошлаков ТЭС в отдельных государствах и в странах мирового сообщества: систематический мониторинг существующего и потенциального рынка сбыта золошлаков тепловых электростанций; постоянное исследование санитарно-гигиенических свойств золошлаков и ограничений на их использование при производстве товарной продукции; совершенствование нормативных и правовых документов по обращению с золошлаками; информационное обеспечение производителей и потребителей золошлаков по технологическим, правовым и другим вопросам эффективного обращения с золошлаками с учетом мирового опыта и др.
3.7.1. Аbout a system approach for solution of THE problem on ash and slag from TPPs
Ph.D. Putilov V.Y., Ph.D. Putilova I.V. MPEI(TU)
In the paper the basic issues concerning system approach for effective solution of the problem on ash and slag from TPPs in the separate countries and worldwide are observed. They are: regular monitoring of existing and potential commodity market of ash and slag from thermal power plants; constant research of sanitary-and-hygienic properties of ash and slag and restrictions for their use by commodity product manufacture; perfection of normative and legal documents on ash and slag handling; supplying producers and users of ash and slag with information on technological, legal and other questions on beneficial ash and slag handling in view of the world experience
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3.7.10. Impact of new coal combustion technologies on types and character of ash and slag
T. Szczygielski, Polish CCP Union, Szczecin, Poland
J.J. Hycnar, ECOCOAL Consulting Center, Katowice, Poland
The necessity of cutting CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere is strongly impacting development and use of various energy sources, and is becoming a strategy for existence for practically all countries around the world. Coal, until now the cheapest source of thermal and electric energy, but also the most CO₂ emitting, requires improvements to existing combustion technologies and development of new ones.
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3.7.11. Formation of competitive advantages of power enterprises by example of using ash and slag from Omsk CHPPs in the market of mineral raw materials and other natural resources
V.R. Shevtsov, JSC “TGC 11”
In the paper the factors forming competitive advantages at entering the market of ash and slag materials from Omsk CHPPs are formulated. The situational estimation of competitiveness of ash and slag materials in the local market is given. Actions for utilizing ash and slag materials within the limits of expansion of a regional raw-material base of the Omsk Region are highlighted.
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3.7.12. The experience of dealing with the problem of thermal power plant ash-and-slag utilization in Siberia
S.I. Kozhemyako, D.V. Bondar, V.R. Shevtsov, OJSC “Regional generation company № 11”
The paper presents factors and findings of drawing ash-and-slag materials into economic circulation in Siberia on the basis of Omsk combined heat and power plants (CHPs) of OJSC “Regional generation company №11”. Utilization of thermal power plant ash-and-slag in the context of raw material supplies base expansion of the Omsk region was estimated.
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3.7.13. Forming of tpps’ ash-and-slag management system in Siberia
S.I. Kozhemyako, V.R. Shevtsov,Siberian Energy Association, Novosibirsk
D.V. Bondar, JSC “Territory Generation Company № 11”, Novosibirsk
In this paper the analyses of reprocessing and utilization of ash-and-slag mixtures at the generating enterprises that are the members of “Siberian Energy Association” is presented, the forms of cooperation between the participants in terms of increasing the volumes of TPPs’ ash-and-slag wastes utilization and reprocessing in Siberian Federal District are defined
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3.7.14. Experience of Kashirskaya gres in ash and slag utilization
E.V. Eremenko, The Holding Company “Composite”, Moscow, Russia
V.S. Mahotin, Kashirskaya GRES – a branch of the JSC «WGK-1», Kashira town, Russia
A.E. Chumakov^,, JSC “INTER RAO EES”, Moscow, Russia
The main problem of the coal-fired power stations is the great volume of ash and slag. Currently stockpiling of slag becomes disadvantageous both from economic and ecological point of view. The problem of the ash and slag treatment is especially complicated in densely populated areas, for example, in the Moscow Region.
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3.7.15. Specific operational expenses for handling ash and slag from thermal power plants by example of Kashirskaya SDPP
Putilov V.Y., Linkov А.М., MPEI
Fatkullin R.М., JSC “WGC-1”
Konovalov V.K., Torkhunov S.F., Kashirskaya SDPP – branch of the JSC “WGC-1”
Ashes and slags from thermal power plants (TPPs) are high on the list on production volume among other by-products from power generation. Increase in a coal share in the fuel balance of the Russian TPPs is in the long term predicted, including the respective raise of ash and slag production volumes, that results in deterioration of ecological conditions in a zone of TPP impact. In this connection there is a question on reconstruction of ash and slag removal systems in order to meet their ecological and economic characteristics.
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3.7.16. Impact of political decisions on production and quality of CCPs in Europe
H.-J. Feuerborn, European Coal Combustion Products Association, Essen, Germany
Coal is a major fuel for energy and steam production in European coal-fired power plants. Political decision regarding clean coal technology led to modifications in power plant technology and installations of de-NOx and de-SOx system, those regarding subsidization of national coal mining to increased use of imported coal, those to reduce CO₂ emissions to increased use of biomass and production by renewable systems (wind-, solar-, hydropower). The later one does not only effects power producers but also producers of energy intensive production processes, e.g. cement industry, glass industry. After the nuclear accident in Fukushima in April 2011 the future of nuclear power in national energy plans was again discussed and led to different political decisions in the member states, e.g. the stop of nuclear power in Germany.
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3.7.17. New in the state policy of the RF in the field of production and consumption waste handling
K.Y. Kushnir, N.B. Nefedyev, S.G. Psyurnichenko, Ministry of Natural Resources of the RF, Moscow, Russia
Over the last few years in the Russian Federation the amount of wastes produced has steadily increased, but a share of their involvement in the economic turnover as a percentage of the produced wastes remained insufficient, and in some groups of wastes it was low and even very low.
Currently, the main sector of economic activity is mining industry, which mainly focuses on production and extraction of mineral resources, and their primary processing in order to obtain raw materials, suitable for production of final products. This process is accompanied by formation and accumulation of wastes in the form of waste rock, slag, sludge, etc. By that, a share of wastes from mining and processing industries (3,2 billion tons) is about 70% of the total amount of industrial wastes, or slightly below 70% of the total amount of wastes produced in Russia annually
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3.7.18. Resolution of complex issues of fly ash utilization: successful case study of India
V. Kumar, Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, New Dehli, India
Fly ash a residue of burning of coal / lignite in thermal power plant has traditionally been considered as a waste product. Over last few decades, in spite of fly ash being proved and demonstrated as a useful material for many applications, it’s acceptance for large scale utilization has taken considerable time. Complexities of technology development, proving, transfer, resolution of mind sets of pre-conceived ideas, setting up of standards, specifications and guidelines including work manuals, etc. need to be addressed with scientific and systematic approach as well as full cognigence of human psychology and socio-economic culture. Perseverance and results of scientific evaluation play critical role. Indian experience has been quite satisfying. Fly ash utilization has increased from 1 Mn.T/year during 1994 to 100 Mn.T/year during 2011, primarily as an out come of concerted efforts under Fly Ash Mission-India.
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3.7.19. A role and a place of scientific and educational institutions in solution of coal ash handling problems in Russia
V.Y. Putilov, I.V. Putilova, Е.A. Malikova, National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, Moscow, Russia
Due to the increased technological impact on environment, a coal ash handling problem becomes more acute, and it’s both a regional and a global one. At many Russian thermal power plants (TPPs) ash lagoons are close to their design filling, forcing power utilities to address the problem of coal ash handling.
Without the involvement of relevant scientific organizations, engaged in a system solution to coal ash handling problems, the staff of power plants and energy companies is not able to cope with the problem. Such organizations should be involved in activity at all phases of the project implementation, starting from development of the Technical Enquiry for running tender procedures for reconstruction of the existing and creation of the new ash removal systems (ARSs) at TPPs. Compulsory expertise of technical solutions at all phases of the project implementation is to be entered into the practice.
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3.7.2. Challenges, opportunities and ways of solving the problem on ashes and slags from TPPs in Russia
V.Y. Putilov, I.V. Putilova, Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University), Russia
Brief estimation of ecological parameters of ash and slag removal systems of thermal power plants (TPPs) in Russia is resulted. Key deficiencies of traditional hydraulic ash and slag removal systems of TPPs are presented. Supervising documents on ash and slag from TPPs, developed by IACEE MPEI are brought. Basic barriers for using ash and slag from TPPs are observed as well as opportunities for raising a level of their beneficial use are resulted.
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3.7.20. Forming a system of management of by-products from coal-fired thermal power plants
S.I. Kozhemyako, V.R. Shevtsov, OJSC "TGC-11", Novosibirsk, Russia
Management system of coal TPPs side production is being developed to organize ash-and-slag reprocessing and usage, it is a complex system with multi functional structure. Formation of this system includes detailed working out of every strategic direction, some of which resolve prevention of the planned damage others can resolve liquidation of accumulated ecological damage in a cost saving manner.
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3.7.21. Use of Calcareous Fly Ash in Germany
H.-J. Feuerborn — VGB PowerTech e.V., Essen, Germany
B. Müller — -MUEG – Mitteldeutsche Umwelt und Entsorgung GmbH, Braunsbedra, Germany
E. Walter— Vattenfall Europe Generation AG, Cottbus, Germany
In German lignite fired power stations about 10 million tonnes of ashes and 5 million tonnes of flue gas desulphurisation gypsum are produced every year. Most of the ashes are used for the refilling and reclamation of depleted opencast lignite mines. Furthermore, they are used in underground mining, for surface recultivation, soil beneficiation, cement production and as addition to concrete. FGD gypsum is used in the gypsum and cement industry and increasingly as fertilizer and soil conditioner.
The utilisation of the calcareous fly ash from lignite fired power plants is depending on their chemical, mineralogical and physical properties. These properties are influenced by the power plant technology, the source of coal as well as the type of coal feed. A constant product quality is of greatest importance for utilisation in hydraulic binders, cement and concrete.
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3.7.22. European Product Standard - update on status and changes with relevance to CCPs
H.-J. Feuerborn —European Coal Combustion Products Association e.V (ECOBA), Essen, Germany
A. Saraber, J. van den Berg —Vliegasunie b.v., The Netherlands
The utilisation of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) in Europe is based on requirements in standards and national legislation which are subject to regular revision by CEN or national authorities. The European standard EN 450-1 has recently been revised and will be published soon. The revision result particularly in the increase of the maximum amount of co-combustion materials, the deletion of the lower limit value of the categories for LOI classes B and C as well as modifications for require-ments of parameters and for test procedures, especially regarding wet and dry sieving. Also the standards for hydraulic road binders (EN 13282) and hydraulically bound mixtures (EN 14227) are under revision.
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3.7.23. FGD Gypsum: a by-product in line with a resource efficient Europe
H.-J. Feuerborn —European Coal Combustion Products Association e.V (ECOBA), Essen, Germany
FGD gypsum is produced in the wet flue gas desulphurisation process of sulphur oxide emitting processes, especially of those in coal-fired power plants. The production process includes the scrubbing of the sulphur from the flue gases into a slurry which is further processed by oxidation, classification, washing and dewatering to produce a FGD gypsum of high quality. Over the last years increasing amounts of FGD gypsum were produced which totalled to more than 10 million tonnes in Europe (EU15). After extensive research work in the 90’ies FGD gypsum is used as a raw material replacing natural gypsum, the major part is used in the gypsum industry. The use of FGD gypsum started with the former definition as « industrial by-product » or as « product » due to the processing steps in a seperate production unit at the power plants. Based on the definitions in the revised Waste Directive the producers consider it a by-product as the basic requirements are fully met and consequently registered FGD gypsum as calcium sulphate under the REACH regulation.
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3.7.24. Legislative regulation in the field of solid waste management
N.B. Nefedyev, A.V. Sokolova, K.Y. Kushnir, Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the RF, Moscow
According to the state statistics, in the whole country remains a negative tendency to increase the amount of production and consumption wastes.
Of particular concern is the situation of municipal solid wastes (MSW). A volume of their production in the whole country has been steadily increasing – compared to 2000 the number of MSW generated annually has increased by more than 3 times. On average, in the Russian Federation annually about 60 million tons of MSW are produced. However, only about 10 % of all wastes produced are turned into economic circulation. This is due, primarily, to the fact that in our country there is no market for involving wastes into economic turnover, as well as the fact that the obligation has not been established for the maximum extraction of useful components from wastes being secondary raw materials.
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3.7.25. State regulation measures to encourage increase in coal ash utilization in Poland and European trends in coal ash utilization
A. Jagusiewicz, P. Olszaniecki, Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, Warsaw, Poland
The purpose of this paper is to identify European and state (Polish) legislation and standards referring to handling with ashes from combustions plants as well as to show some trends in treatment practices related to CCPs in Europe. There are identified two main pieces of legislation on ashes treatment: Waste Directive and REACH Regulation and benefits and disadvantages of using them. Further you can read about current trends in ash utilization in Europe. The results of this analysis can be used to find out what entrepreneurs from outside Europe shall do to be able to enter the European market.
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3.7.26. Analysis of legislation in the field of coal ash handling in India
V. Kumar, G.K. Jha, Centre for Fly Ash Research & Management, New Delhi, India
R&D and technology development are not sufficient in themselves for large scale adaption. Development and adaption of standards and specifications by statutory empowered bodies as well as putting in place the facilitating and guiding policy and legislative framework are the essential requirement for sustainable adaption of new materials, products and technologies.
Turn around of fly ash from “an industrial waste material” to “a resource material” is strongly supported by development of standards and specifications by statutory empowered bodies and also conducive guidelines, policy frame work and legislation over last 20 years, since commencement of Fly Ash Mission during 1994.
The impact is very visible. Ash utilization has increased from 1 million tonne per year during 1994 to about 130 million tonne during the year 2013,
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3.7.27. Forecast in power production and impact of CCPs in Europe
H.-J. Feuerborn, European Coal Combustion Products Association, Essen, Germany
In Europe, more than 145 million tonnes of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) are annually produced during coal combustion in power plants. Due to the huge amount and constant qualities the utilisation of CCPs as replacement for natural occurring raw and construction materials was established in several countries. The production and also the utilisation of CCPs in Europe is influenced by political decisions, environmental regulations and market development.
The most important political decisions influencing the power plant operation are the revised Industrial Emission Directive focussing effective combustion and reduced emission limit values and the initiatives and CO₂ reduction. This results in shutdown or retrofit of existing and construction of new power plants. This also results in the increased use of biomass for co-combustion in coal-fired power plants, increased use of biomass in FBC- and dry-bottom boilers, increased production by wind, solar-, hydropower and others. On the other hand, fossil fired production is reduced and operated more flexible.
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3.7.28. Fly Ash Utilization in China
D. Harris, Asian Coal Ash Association, Beijing, China
The paper presents an overview of fly ash utilization in China, starting from 1950 till now, including history of fly ash utilization, government statistics on fly ash output/utilization since 2005 to 2012, current status of fly ash, its applications. The development of fly ash utilization policies is also highlighted. The paper contains information about key stakeholders and engagement strategy suggestions relating to fly ash.
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3.7.29. The ash and slag waste market of Russia through the eyes of trader. Phoenix consortium
A.I. Kalachev, Closed Joint Stock Company "ProfCement-Vector", the leader of Phoenix Consortium, St. Petersburg, Russia
The report presents an analysis of the complex situation regarding the utilization and sales of ash and slag wastes (ASW) from coal power plants in Russia. The problem of lack of 100% dry ash and slag removal system at coal power plants is under review. This article also addresses the issue of power engineers to be about getting rid of waste through ash storing at ash dumps, and not about its sales, as well as noncompliance of fly ash of Russian coal power plants to quality standards of the product and a problem of poor fly ash sales to consumers. A solution of the above issues is offered. Finally, it contains an overview of ASW market trends in Russia and the description of “Fenix” Consortium, which offers the turnkey solutions for this problem even today.
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3.7.3. Improvement of the legislation of the russian federation in the field of production and consumption waste handling
N.B. Nefedyev, S.G. Psyurnichenko, Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
Waste management is a part of activity on environmental protection.
In the Russian Federation a basis of the legislation in the field of production and consumption waste handling make the Federal Law № 89-FZ from June 24, 1998 «About production and consumption wastes» and the Federal Law № 7-FZ from January, 10, 2002 «About environmental protection» together with the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of 1989 (further – the Basel Convention), ratified by the Federal Law № 49-FZ dated November 25, 1994.
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3.7.30. Creating the industry of processing and use of coal combustion by-products
S.I. Kozhemyako, V.R. Shevtsov, JSC “TGC-11”, Omsk, Russia
Creating the industry of processing and use of coal combustion by-products from the position of law is based on the legislation of the Russian Federation (№ 7-FZ; № 184-FZ; №°89- FZ; GOST R 1.4-2004, GOST 30772-2001), as well as on the principles of public and private partnership.
A purpose of forming the industry is prevention of the planned negative impact on the environment and elimination of accumulated environmental damage by processing and beneficial use of coal combustion by-products unreasonably related to production and consumption wastes.
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3.7.31. Key issues of coal ash handling in Russia

V.Y. Putilov, I.V. Putilova, E.A. Malikova, National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, Moscow, Russia
In 2010 total production of coal combustion products (CCPs) of the energy sector of the countries world–wide made about 800 million tons, the main of them are ash and slag. In the energy sector in many countries, coal is one of the main fuels and its share in the fuel mix in recent years tends to grow. In this regard, the issues concerning the efficient addressing the coal ash handling problem are becoming more relevant. The situation in Russia is exacerbated by the fact that ash ponds of the vast majority of coal-fired power plants and other solid-fuel power stations (hereinafter - coal-fired power plants) are close to their design filling. This puts the Russian power engineers before the urgent need to take effective measures to address the coal ash handling problem, despite the fact that they are by-products of TPPs.
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3.7.32. Marketing of CCPs in Germany - Experience -Report of a German Company
D. Brandenburger, BauMineral GmbH, Herten, Germany
Over the past years hard coal fly ash produced in accordance with EN 450 has been successfully used in Germany and other European countries. More than 75 % of the annually produced 4.0 million tonnes of hard coal fly ash in Germany has been processed in cement bound building materials. The market for such products is today very stable. A decisive fact for this development was that the supply of hard coal fly ash always met the market needs in both quality and quantity. Beyond that there are other factors which influenced the utilisation of hard coal fly ash. Not only in Germany but also everywhere in the world the technical advantages of hard coal fly ash in cement bond building materials are very well known. Nevertheless, it seems to be not possible to utilize hard coal fly ash everywhere and to avoid landfilling. This experience report delivers an insight which factors played an important role in the development of marketing in Germany.
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3.7.33. Major barriers to effective solution of the coal ash handling problem
V.Y. Putilov, I.V. Putilova, E.А. Malikova, National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, Russia
The article presents a situation in the field of coal ash handling in Russia, U.S., India and EU member-states. The main barriers to efficient use of coal ash in Russia are considered. The examples of international projects on informing the world community on the coal ash handling problem are given. The question of specialists’ training in this area is highlighted. The aftereffects of incomprehension and ignoring by the power companies’ management the role of science and the system of education in solving the ecological and coal ash handling issues are considered. Basic directions of activity for effective solution of the coal ash handling problem are stated.
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3.7.34. On the experience of resolving the coal ash handling problem in different countries world-wide (as of 2014)
М.P. Rogankov, Ecopolis ltd, Мoscow, Russia
A review paper contains the data on volumes of coal ash production and utilization in different countries, including the data on ash storage at TPP landfills and their beneficial use.
Main applications and volumes of coal ash beneficial use in various industries are given.
Information about the best available technologies relating to coal ash handling in different countries of the world is presented.
The issues concerning legislation, adopted in different countries of the international community with regard to coal ash handling, are highlightened. By that, the following is considered: the trends of power generation sector development in the countries, the plans of different states with regard to the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, renewable energy, clean coal technologies plans, etc.
The paper includes information on international cooperation in the field of coal ash handling.
It also covers the issue relating to training of personnel in the field of coal ash handling.
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3.7.4. Coal Ash in Europe – legal and technical requirements for use
H.-J. Feuerborn, ECOBA, European Coal Combustion Products Association, Essen, Germany
In Europe, coal combustion products (CCPs) are mainly utilised as a replacement for natural materials in the building material industry, in civil engineering, in road construction, for construction work in underground coal mining as well as for recultivation and restoration purposes in open cast mines. The majority of the CCPs are produced to meet certain requirements of standards or other specifications with respect to utilisation in certain areas.
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3.7.5. The Changing CCP Regulatory Environment in the United States
T.H. Adams, D.C. Goss, American Coal Ash Association, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Changing and unpredictable air quality control regulations are having a significant impact on electric utilities in the United States. Proposed federal regulations have been rescinded and then re-implemented. Individual states have proposed their own regulations that may conflict with future federal regulations. A recent large ash spill in Tennessee has raised questions about coal combustion product (CCP) safety, potentially affecting many years of successful beneficial use. The current regulatory uncertainty offers a number of challenges to CCP producers and end users.
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3.7.6. Challenges, Opportunities and ways of solving the problem on ashes from TPP’s in India: A successful mission mode approach

Dr. Vimal Kumar, Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India
Coal has remained the main source of energy (65…75 %) for electric power generation in India. High ash content (about 45 %) of Indian coals along with massive plans to put up additional power stations has increased exponentially the generation of fly ash in India over last two decades and the trend is expected to continue.
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3.7.7. Influence of legislation on utilization of ash from power generating stations – Indian experience
A. K. Mathur, NTPC Ltd., India
Main fuel for about 53 % of power generation in India is coal which produced 130 million tonne of ash during last year. In order to encourage its gainful utilization, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) issued standards for fly ash as early as 1966. Standards for fly ash based cement were also framed in 1976. NTPC – the major power utility in the country set up a separate Ash Utilization Division during 1991.
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3.7.8. Utilization of coal combastion by-products in Poland
J.J. Hycnar, ECOCOAL Consulting Center, Katowice, Poland
T. Szczygielski, Polish CCP Union, Szczecin, Poland
In Poland, on the significant effects of the utilization of 80 % of fly ash and slags from combustion of hard coal and lignite, had implementation and observance of the environmental law, principles of free market, tightening of the requirements of work safety and exploitation of coal mines, rules of limiting the use of mineral resources and CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. At the same time the intensive work were carried out on developing and implementing national and European standards for the use of combustion by-products as ingredients and construction products and others.
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3.7.9. FBC ash – production and utilization
J.J. Hycnar, ECOCOAL Consulting Center, Katowice, Poland
Implementation of fluidized bed technology in utility power plants and CHP plants introduced conditions for effective desulphurization of flue gases and higher efficiencies of thermal processes, allowing at the same time for using also low calorific value waste and biomass besides traditional fuels. Combustion processes occurring in the presence of limestone, at temperatures lower than in pulverized-fuel or layered furnaces, are affecting also the quality of combustion by-products. Resulting FBC ashes differ from the traditional ashes in terms of their chemical and physical properties.
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